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Duiliu Zamfirescu (October 30, 1858 – June 3, 1922) was a Romanian novelist, poet, short story writer, lawyer, nationalist politician, journalist, diplomat and memoirist. In 1909, he was elected a member of the Romanian Academy, and, for a while in 1920, he was Foreign Minister of Romania. Zamfirescu is best remembered for his ''Comăneștenilor'' literary cycle, comprising his novels ''Viața la țară'', ''Tănase Scatiu'', ''În război'', ''Îndreptări'' and ''Anna''. ==Biography== Born in Plăinești, Râmnicu Sărat County (present-day Dumbrăveni, Vrancea County), he attended elementary school and gymnasium in Focșani, and later studied at the Matei Basarab High School in Bucharest (1873–1876), before entering the University of Bucharest's Faculty of Law.〔Săndulescu, p.XLIII〕 He graduated in 1880.〔 Zamfirescu made his debut with a series of poems in ''Ghimpele'' review (1877), and, later in the same year, became an enthusiastic supporter of the Romanian war effort during the Independence War, an experience which placed its mark on his later works and choice of subjects.〔 Three years later, he became associated with Alexandru Macedonski's ''Literatorul'', a circle of Symbolist writers,〔Ornea, p.262, 303; Săndulescu, p.XLIV〕 publishing a Romantic poem titled ''Levante și Kalavryta'' ("Levante and Kalavryta").〔Săndulescu, p.XLIV〕 At the time, his work was under the influence of Macedonski's Parnassianism.〔Ornea, p.263〕 In 1880, he was appointed public prosecutor in the Northern Dobrujan town of Hârșova, while being employed, until 1884, as literary columnist for ''România Liberă''. At the time, the editorial staff also included the writers Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea, Alexandru Vlahuță, and D. D. Racoviță-Sphinx.〔Ornea, p.262〕 Zamfirescu contributed articles in which he declared his dislike for naturalism,〔Cristea, p.XXXVII; Săndulescu, p.XLIV〕 as well as distancing himself from the Realism of his contemporaries Ion Luca Caragiale and Ioan Slavici (despite common perception, he claimed he had "nothing in common" with the latter two).〔Zamfirescu, in Cristea, p.XXXVII〕 At the time, he also contributed political articles under the pen name ''Don Padil''.〔 In 1882, after briefly serving as a prosecutor in Târgoviște and resigning, Duiliu Zamfirescu moved back to Focșani, where he practiced law and was a French language substitute teacher.〔Săndulescu, p.XLIIV〕 Later in the same year, he settled in Bucharest and joined ''România Liberăs editorial staff, publishing his first volume of prose and poems, ''Fără titlu'' ("Untitled"), in 1883.〔 Zamfirescu authored his debut novel, ''În fața vieții'' ("Facing Life") in 1884—the work was noted for the chapter "Pesimistul de la Soleni" ("The Pessimist of Soleni"), a satire of the Russian-born socialist thinker Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea.〔 In 1885, he came out first in an examination for the office of legation ''Attaché'', and was consequently employed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, while at the same time teaching the Romanian language at the Sf. Gheorghe High School.〔Săndulescu, p.XLIV-XLV〕 He also began associating with the ''Junimea'' circle and began writing for its magazine, ''Convorbiri Literare'', bringing his writings to the attention of Titu Maiorescu,〔Ornea, p.67, 71, 260, 261-263; Săndulescu, p.XLIV-XLV〕 while becoming a regular in the literary circle formed around the restaurant Casa Capșa.〔 Daniela Șontică, ("La un șvarț cu capșiștii" ("Having a Coffee Substitute with the Crowd at Casa Capșa") ), in ''Jurnalul Național'', August 8, 2006〕 He was part of a small group of literary figures who oscillated between ''Literatorul'' and Maiorescu's circle—others to do so were Vasile Alecsandri, Veronica Micle and Matilda Cugler-Poni.〔Ornea, p.303〕 The first of his poems to be published with Maiorescu's approval was titled ''Iarna'' ("Winter")—printed in June 1884.〔 Zamfirescu is considered one of the most important writers to have been associated with ''Junimea'' during the final stage of its existence.〔Ornea, p.67, 157, 259-260〕 He nonetheless maintained some distance to the society, and reportedly irritated Titu Maiorescu by collaborating with the newly established anti-''Junimist'' magazines ''Literatură și Artă Română'' (edited by N. Petraşcu, on whom Zamfirescu was to be an influence, and Dimitrie C. Ollănescu-Ascanio).〔Ornea, p.266〕 Ultimately, in May 1885, Zamfirescu was dispatched to Italy, as legation secretary in Rome, a position which he filled until 1906, with a hiatus (1892–1894) during which he was assigned to Greece and later Belgium.〔Săndulescu, p.XLV〕 He was a colleague of Dimitrie Ghyka,〔 Dimitrie Ghyka, ("Memorii" ("Memoirs") ), excerpts published by ''Magazin Istoric'', February 2000〕 and remembered for welcoming the ethnic Romanian Transylvanian activist Badea Cârţan during the latter's celebrated trip to the Italian capital (1896).〔 Ana Maria Luca, ("Dacul din Columnă" ("The Dacian from the Column") ), in ''Jurnalul Național'', April 10, 2005〕 Zamfirescu married an Italian woman, Henrietta Allievi, who died in 1920.〔 An enthusiastic admirer of Leo Tolstoy's writings, he began work on a monograph entirely dedicated to the latter (excerpts of which were first published in 1892 issues of ''Convorbiri Literare'').〔 With his 1894 volume of poetry ''Alte orizonturi'' ("Other Horizons"), Zamfirescu entered a prolific phase of his literary career: in 1894-1895, ''Convorbiri Literare'' serialized his novel ''Viața la țară'' ("Life in the Country"), followed in 1895-1896 by ''Tănase Scatiu'', and, in 1897-1898, ''În război'' ("At War");〔 in 1895, he also published his collected novellas (''Nuvele romane'', "Roman Novellas"), followed by the poetry volumes ''Imnuri păgâne'' ("Pagan Hymns", 1897), and ''Poezii nouă'' ("New Poems", 1899).〔 His relations with Dobrogeanu-Gherea was tense, but, in 1890, Zamfirescu approved of the decision taken by the Theodor Rosetti cabinet to award the Romanian citizenship to the philosopher (at a time when his Jewish ethnicity would have made it extremely hard to obtain).〔Ornea, p.316〕 The same year, Dobrogeanu-Gherea published a study of Zamfirescu's works.〔Ornea, p.326〕 The two opposed each other over economic ideas and Dobrogeanu-Gherea's application of Marxism to the Romanian society—examining the works of Achille Loria, Zamfirescu collected Marxist-inspired notions that, he believed, contradicted Dobrogeanu-Gherea from inside his own camp.〔Ornea, p.334-335〕 When Maiorescu and the Romanian Marxists were engaged in a lengthy polemic, he added his own arguments in support of the former.〔Ornea, p.335〕 Between 1901 and 1902, his novel ''Îndreptări'' ("Betterments") was serialized by the magazine ''Literatură și Artă Română'', which was a sign of cooling relations between Zamfirescu and his mentor Maiorescu (nevertheless, ''Convorbiri Literare'' continued to publish Zamfirescu's novel ''Anna'' in 1906).〔Săndulescu, p.XLV-XVI〕 He apparently sought to include in his work both major tendencies of 19th century Romanian literature—"art for art's sake" as preached by Maiorescu and the "tendentious art" notably advocated by Dobrogeanu-Gherea.〔Cristea, p.XLI〕 Around 1905, through the articles of Simion Mehedinți, his work came to be criticized by the traditionalist magazine ''Sămănătorul'', who coupled a rejection of modernism with an appreciation of for folklore.〔Ornea, p.77-78〕 In 1909, Zamfirescu was accepted to the Academy, and delivered a much-discussed speech on the influence of Poporanism and traditionalism in literature, showing his disapproval for both currents.〔Ornea, p.71; Săndulescu, p.XVI〕 It stated: "I do not go as far as to state that the peasants' soul is not at all interesting to literature; that is because for me, all of nature is interesting. Despite this, the greatest critics and the greatest creators of human characters do not deal with simple souls, because they are as uneventful as nothingness itself."〔Ornea, p.267〕 Zamfirescu thus attacked the use of folklore for direct inspiration, which saw Maiorescu, among others, defending folk literature and its supporters.〔Ornea, p.71-72〕 Maiorescu had by then ceased most contacts with his former protégé.〔Ornea, p.266-267, 268〕 There were also notable tensions between Zamfirescu and the Transylvanian poet Octavian Goga, whose work was hailed as an example by both Maiorescu and ''Sămănătorul''.〔 The same year, Zamfirescu was named a Minister Plenipotentiary and the Romanian Kingdom's envoy to the Danube Commission.〔Săndulescu, p.XVI〕 His ''Furfanțo'' volume of short stories and his novel ''Lydda'' were both printed in 1911.〔 He was relieved of his diplomatic post in 1913, at a time when Maiorescu became Premier of a Conservative Party cabinet—this came after a Romanian Army officer reported statements made by Zamfirescu, which he alleged were unpatriotic.〔Ornea, p.268〕 Reportedly, Maiorescu never gave Zamfirescu a chance to explain himself.〔 During World War I, following the occupation of southern Romania by the Central Powers, Zamfirescu followed Romanian authorities in their Iaşi refuge.〔 By late 1918, he became a founding member of the People's Party,〔 Ioan Scurtu, ("Mit și realitate. Alexandru Averescu" ("Myth and Reality. Alexandru Averescu") ), in ''Magazin Istoric'', May 1997〕 led by General Alexandru Averescu, and edited the Iași-based voice of the movement, ''Îndreptarea''.〔 Under the second Averescu cabinet, Zamfirescu served as Foreign Minister in March–June 1920, and then as President of the Chamber of Deputies.〔 His short term in office was noted for the establishment of Romanian relations with the Holy See (''see Roman Catholicism in Romania''). In 1919, Vladimir Ghika had been appointed Romanian representative to the Papacy by the National Romanian Council, an institution which campaigned for the recognition of Greater Romania at the Paris Peace Conference.〔 Dumitru Preda, Marius Bucur, ("România - Vatican. 80 ani de relații diplomatice" ("Romania - Vatican. 80 Years of Diplomatic Relations") ), in ''Magazin Istoric'', May 2000, p.57〕 When Ghika's term expired, he was replaced by Zamfirescu with Dimitrie Pennescu, who was Romania's first Ambassador to the Vatican.〔 The Apostolic Nunciature in Romania was set up as a result of this, and first held by Archbishop Francesco Marmaggi.〔 Duiliu Zamfirescu's last published works were his poetry volume ''Pe Marea Neagră'' ("On the Black Sea", 1919) and a collection of autobiographical pieces and short stories, ''O muză'' ("A Muse", 1920).〔 In July 1921, he was involved in projects to crown King Ferdinand I as "King of Greater Romania".〔 G. T. Kirileanu, ("Memorii. Culise regale (V)" ("Memoirs. Royal Side Scenes (V)") ), in ''Ziarul Financiar'', March 9, 2007〕 He died at Agapia in 1922, and was buried in Focșani's southern cemetery.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Duiliu Zamfirescu」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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